QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
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Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
What are the causes of Alzheimer's disease?
With the exception of rare cases of familial AD, in whom the disease is caused by mutations (changes in the DNA) of a single gene, most cases of AD are probably caused by a variety of factors acting together. Cases without a family history are called "sporadic." The study of familial AD, however, has uncovered several proteins that are not only important for familial, but also for sporadic AD. These are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and two presenilins. APP is a major component of plaques (abnormal deposits of proteins in the brain).
The break-down (faulty cleavage) of APPs likely increases their propensity to combine (aggregate) in plaques. Presenilins, on the other hand, are involved in the splitting (cleavage) of APP. Mutations in the genes that encode APPs and the presenilins can cause AD. This means that individuals carrying these mutations have a very high probability of developing AD.
Changes in other genes may not cause AD, but they may increase the risk of developing AD. The best-studied "risk" gene is the one that encodes apolipoprotein E (apoE). Certain forms (alleles) of this gene can increase the risk for AD. This effect is particularly striking in the setting of a positive family history for AD.
The apoE gene has three different forms (alleles) -- apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. ApoE3 is the most common form in the general population. However, apoE4 occurs in approximately 40 % of all late-onset AD patients. People who inherit two apoE4 alleles (one from the mother and one from the father) are several times more likely to develop AD than those who have two of the more common E3 version. The least common allele, E2, lowers the risk of AD. People with one E2 and one E3 gene have only one-fourth the risk of developing Alzheimer's as do people with two E3 genes.
Since the 1970's, abnormalities in the brain's chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, have been identified in patients with AD. Acetylcholine is a critical neurotransmitter in the process of forming memories. This chemical messenger is abundant in the nerve cells of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, the regions that are devastated by AD. Levels of acetylcholine fall sharply in people with AD. Other neurotransmitters have also been implicated in AD. For example, serotonin, somatostatin, and noradrenaline levels are lower than normal in some Alzheimer's patients. Deficits in these substances may contribute to the memory and behavioral abnormalities in AD.
In addition to the known risk factors of age and family history, several other possible risk factors have been identified. Some studies have found that AD occurs more often among people who suffered traumatic head injuries earlier in life. Women may have a higher risk of the disease, although their higher rates may only reflect the effects of age, because women have longer life spans on average than do men. In addition, lower educational levels may increase the risk. It is not know whether this reflects a decreased "cognitive reserve" or other factors associated with a lower educational level.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and a disturbance in at least one other thinking function (for example, language or perception of reality). Many scientists believe that AD results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) that leads to nerve cell death. Loss of nerve cells in strategic brain areas, in turn, causes deficits in the neurotransmitters, which are the brain's chemical messengers.
Alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that inevitably happens in later life. Rather, it is one of the dementing disorders, which are a group of brain diseases that result in the loss of mental and physical functions.
Who develops Alzheimer's disease?
The main risk factor for AD is increased age. As the population ages, the frequency of AD continues to increase. 10 % of people over age 65 and 50 % of those over 85 have AD. The number of individuals with AD is expected to be 14 million by the year 2050. In 1998, the annual cost for the care of patients with AD in the United States was approximately $40,000 per patient.
There are also genetic risk factors for AD. The presence of several family members with AD has suggested that, in some cases, heredity may influence the development of AD. A genetic basis has been identified through the discovery of mutations in several genes that cause AD in a small subgroup of families in which the disease has frequently occurred at relatively early ages (beginning before age 50). Some evidence points to chromosome 19 as implicated in certain other families in which the disease has frequently developed at later ages.
Studies of aging and dementia (general mental deterioration) in the general population have identified three groups of subjects; persons who are not demented, those who are demented, and individuals who cannot be classified because they have a cognitive (thinking, memory) impairment, but do not meet the criteria for dementia.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Honey Garlic Chicken Recipe:
--Ingredients-- 1 (3 lb.) Chicken (cut into pieces) or 3 lbs. of Chicken Wings 1 medium Onion (finely chopped) 6 cloves of Garlic (Lasan) (minced) 1 tsp. of Salt 1 tsp. of Black Peppers (Kaali Mirch) 1 tsp. of Red Chilli Powder (Pisi Lal Mirch) 1 cup of Vinegar (Sirka) Another 1/2 cup of Vinegar (Sirka) 2/3 cup of Honey (Shehed) 1 small can of Frozen Orange Juice (from concentrate) 2 tbsp. of Butter
--Directions-- 1) Place chicken in medium size bowl, add 1 cup of vinegar and marinade for atleast 1 hour at room temperature.
2) Meanwhile, melt the butter in a small frying pan and add the onion and garlic, and saute until tender for about 3 minutes. Transfer the onion and garlic to a medium sized saucepan. Place the pan over medium heat, stir in the orange juice, honey and 1/2 cup of vinegar and bring it to a boil. Reduce the heat and simmer stirring occasionally for 10 minutes. Remove from heat and refrigerate to allow the sauce to cool and thicken.
3) Remove the chicken from the vinegar marinade and reserve the marinade. Sprinkle both sides of the chicken with salt, black pepper and red chilli powder.
4) Light a grill. Place the chicken on the grill, skin side up and cook it over medium direct heat for 20 minutes turning and basting frequently with honey, garlic and salt.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Crispy Friend Chicken Recipe:
--Ingredients-- 3 lbs. of Whole Chicken (with skin, legs, thighs, and wings) 1 Egg (beaten) 1 cup of Corn Flakes (crushed) 1/3 cup of All-Purpose White Flour (Maida) 1/2 more cup of All-Purpose White Flour (Maida) 1 1/2 tsp. of Paprika 1 tsp. of Salt 1/4 tsp. of Black Pepper (Pisi Kaali Mirch) 1/2 cup of Butter 2 tbsp. of Water
--Directions-- 1) Combine 1/3 cup of flour, paprika, salt, and black pepper in a food storage bag. Put chicken in bag and toss to coat.
2) Whisk together the egg and water. Dip the coated chicken in the egg and water mixture. Combine the corn flakes with the 1/2 cup of flour; roll the chicken in the corn flake mixture.
3) Heat the butter in a skillet over medium heat; add the chicken and brown it well on all sides. Lower the heat, and continue to cook, by turning occasionally, for 35 to 40 minutes, or until the chicken is tender and juices run clear.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Kulyat-e-Saher Saher Ludhyanvi
Description: Saher Ludhyanvi achieved fame at a relatively young age compared to his contemporaries. At 35 years, he had earned quite a reputation as an Urdu poet. Since then, his poetry has been much in demand as is obvious with the various provincial translations of his poetry that are available today.
Every poet can be differentiated from another by his signature poetry. Saher's honesty and spontaneity found in his poetry were the attributes that singled him out at the time when competition was rife. Saher's emotions flowed with his pen- how he felt or what he was going through at the time of writing his poem, one could easily experience through his verses. He was a sort of 'no holds barred' poet who never hesitated in writing the truth, no matter how bitter it was.
Saher's subjects since they were so close to reality, compelled one to think and reason. As such he provided both, a recreational value and also an educational one to his reader.
The 'Kulyat-e-Sahir', carries a treasure of Sahir's trademark poetry.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7829 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Kulyat -e- Dilawar Figar Dilawar figar
Description: Dilawar Figar, without any doubt was one of the most illustrious poets of our generation. He first came into prominence with his ‘Shair-e-Azam’, which received great acclaim in Delhi. This poem as mentioned in the preface, first helped Dilawar secure a place in the genre of poetry in which we find him today.
Both critical and full of humor, his brand of poetry is a rare commodity. Well versed with the economic and social trends of our country he has used humor in his poems to express criticism in matters of specific and general interest. He was such a natural in the field that his poems encompassed not only the political and social elements but he also managed to find a humorous side in almost every aspect of life. From ‘Shereen – Farhad’ to searching for love on the computer, his subjects both general and specific, old and contemporary, Dilawar’s brand of poetry appeals to both young and old.
It also goes to his credit that Dilawar has been consistent in tastefully selecting and arranging his words to project his opinions in a most effective and humorous manner. Through this book- ‘Kulyaat- E -Dilawar Figar’, Dilawar has left behind a legacy that will continue to enliven our lives and through its universal appeal might just help resurrect Urdu poetry in the younger generation.
